Bach: The Goldberg Variations, BWV 988 (Remastered 1981) Glenn Gould

• Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750): Aria with Variations Goldberg Variations BWV 988
• 1Aria03:04
• 2Variation 1 a 1 Clav.01:10
• 3Variation 2 a 1 Clav.00:49
• 4Variation 3 a 1 Clav. Canone all'Unisono01:31
• 5Variation 4 a 1 Clav.00:50
• 6Variation 5 a 1 ovvero 2 Clav.00:37
• 7Variation 6 a 1 Clav. Canone alla Seconda00:40
• 8Variation 7 a 1 ovvero 2 Clav.01:16
• 9Variation 8 a 2 Clav.00:54
• 10Variation 9 a 1 Clav. Canone alla Terza00:59
• 11Variation 10 a 1 Clav. Fughetta01:04
• 12Variation 11 a 2 Clav.00:54
• 13Variation 12 Canone alla Quarta01:38
• 14Variation 13 a 2 Clav.02:38
• 15Variation 14 a 2 Clav.01:04
• 16Variation 15 a 1 Clav. Canone alla Quinta. Andante05:01
• 17Variation 16 a 1 Clav. Overture01:38
• 18Variation 17 a 2 Clav.00:54
• 19Variation 18 a 1 Clav. Canone alla Sesta01:03
• 20Variation 19 a 1 Clav.01:03
• 21Variation 20 a 2 Clav.00:50
• 22Variation 21 Canone alla Settima02:12
• 23Variation 22 a 1 Clav. alla breve01:03
• 24Variation 23 a 2 Clav.00:58
• 25Variation 24 Canone all' Ottava a 1 Clav.01:44
• 26Variation 25 a 2 Clav.06:02
• 27Variation 26 a 2 Clav.00:52
• 28Variation 27 a 2 Clav. Canone alla Nona01:21
• 29Variation 28 a 2 Clav.01:03
• 30Variation 29 a 1 ovvero 2 Clav.01:02
• 31Variation 30 a 1 Clav. Quodlibet01:30
• 32Aria da capo03:47
• Total Runtime51:11

Info for Bach: The Goldberg Variations, BWV 988 (Remastered 1981)

The Birth of a Legend: Gould’s first recording for Columbia, playing Bach as if someone had parted the curtains and thrown open the windows in a dark, stuffy room. The critics were ecstatic; the release broke all records and is still considered one of the ten most significant and successful classical recordings of all time.

In the summer of 1955, a brash, eccentric, and awesomely gifted 22-year-old pianist swept the didactic cobwebs off this monumental opus, and a star was born. For listeners weaned on romantic Bach stylings of Fischer, Casals, and Landowska, the effect was like stepping into an ice cold shower. Glenn Gould's agile, independent hands and hair-trigger rhythm ignited Bach's virtuosic writing with insight and irreverence, sprucing up the counterpoint with crisp articulation, perky accents, and jaw-dropping tempos. This debut recording is the best-known and arguably the finest and first of Gould's HighResAudio releases. Buy it and hear why.

The Goldberg Variations, BWV 988, is a work written for harpsichord by Johann Sebastian Bach, consisting of an aria and a set of 30 variations. First published in 1741, the work is considered to be one of the most important examples of variation form. The Variations are named after Johann Gottlieb Goldberg, who may have been the first performer.

Glenn Gould, piano

Recorded June 10–16, 1955 at at Columbia Records 30th Street studio in Manhattan, New York

Digitally remastered

Glenn Gould
was born in Toronto in 1932, and enjoyed a privileged, sheltered upbringing in the quiet Beach neighborhood. His musical gifts became apparent in infancy, and though his parents never pushed him to become a star prodigy, he became a professional concert pianist at age fifteen, and soon gained a national reputation. By his early twenties, he was also earning recognition through radio and television broadcasts, recordings, writings, lectures and compositions.

Early on, Gould’s musical proclivities, piano style and independence of mind marked him as a maverick. Favoring structurally intricate music, he disdained the early-Romantic and impressionistic works at the core of the standard piano repertoire, preferring Elizabethan, Baroque, Classical, late-Romantic and early-twentieth-century music; Bach and Schoenberg were central to his aesthetic and repertoire. He was an intellectual performer, with a special gift for clarifying counterpoint and structure, but his playing was also deeply expressive and rhythmically dynamic. He had the technique and tonal palette of a virtuoso, though he upset many pianistic conventions – avoiding the sustaining pedal, using détaché articulation, for example. Believing that the performer’s role was properly creative, he offered original, deeply personal, sometimes shocking interpretations (extreme tempos, odd dynamics, finicky phrasing), particularly in canonical works by Mozart, Beethoven and Brahms.

Gould’s American début, in 1955, and the release, a year later, of his first Columbia recording, of Bach’s Goldberg Variations, launched his international concert career. He earned widespread acclaim despite his musical idiosyncrasies, while his flamboyant stage mannerisms, as well as his hypochondria and other personal eccentricities, fuelled colorful publicity that heightened his celebrity. But he hated performing – ”At concerts I feel demeaned, like a vaudevillian” – and though in great demand, he rationed his appearances stingily (he gave fewer than forty concerts overseas). Finally, in 1964, he permanently retired from concert life.

Gould harbored musical, temperamental and moral objections to concerts, and aired them publicly: “The purpose of art,” he wrote, “is not the release of a momentary ejection of adrenalin but is, rather, the gradual, lifelong construction of a state of wonder and serenity.” Even before he retired, he was not satisfied with being a concert pianist; he made radio and television programs, published writings on many musical and non-musical topics, continued to compose. After 1964, this work away from the piano only intensified. He liked to call himself “a Canadian writer, composer, and broadcaster who happens to play the piano in his spare time.”

His retirement was also fuelled by his devotion to the electronic media. Gould was one of the first truly modern classical performers, for whom recording and broadcasting were not adjuncts to the concert hall but separate art forms that represented the future of music. He made scores of albums, steadily expanding his repertoire and developing a professional engineer’s command of recording techniques. He also wrote prolifically about recording and the mass media, his ideas often harmonizing with those of his friend Marshall McLuhan.

Though he never became the significant composer that he longed to be, Gould channeled his creativity into other media. In 1967, he created his first “contrapuntal radio documentary,” The Idea of North, an innovative tapestry of speaking voices, music and sound effects that drew on principles from documentary, drama, music and film. Over the next decade, he made six more such specimens of radio art, in addition to many other, more conventional, recitals and talk-and-play shows for radio and television. He also arranged music for two feature films.

Gould lived a quiet, solitary, spartan life, and guarded his privacy; his romantic relationships with women, for instance, were never made public. (“Isolation is the one sure way to human happiness.”) He maintained a modest apartment and a small studio, and left Toronto only when work demanded it, or for an occasional rural holiday. He recorded in New York until 1970, when he began to record primarily at Eaton Auditorium in Toronto.

In the summer of 1982, having largely exhausted the piano literature that interested him, he made his first recording as a conductor, and he had ambitious plans for several years’ worth of conducting projects; he planned then to give up performing, retire to the countryside, and devote himself to writing and composing. But shortly after his fiftieth birthday, Gould died suddenly of a stroke.

Since then, he has enjoyed a remarkable posthumous “life.” His multifarious work has been widely disseminated. He has been the subject of an enormous and diverse literature in many languages. And he has inspired conferences, exhibitions, festivals, societies, radio and television programs, novels, plays, musical compositions, poems, visual art and a feature film (Thirty-Two Short Films About Glenn Gould).

Moreover, his ideas – like McLuhan’s – still resonate strongly today in the world of digital technology, which was in its infancy when he died. His postmodernist advocacy of open borders between the roles of composer, performer and listener, for instance, anticipated digital technologies (like the Internet) that democratize and decentralize the institutions of culture. There is no question that Gould, more than any other classical musician, would have understood and admired digital technology – and would have had fun playing with it. (Kevin Bazzana)

Booklet for Bach: The Goldberg Variations, BWV 988 (Remastered 1981)